Iv. State of Knowledge in the Pacific—what Do We Know and What Have We Learned? Overview of Issues Unique to the Pacific: Biological & Social Perspectives

There has been a worldwide increase in the reports of diseases affecting marine organisms. In the Caribbean, mass mortalities among organisms in reef ecosystems have resulted in major shifts in community structure. However, our ability to fully understand recent disease outbreaks is hampered by the paucity of baseline and epidemiological information on the normal disease levels in the ocean. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) is considered one of the last relatively pristine coral reef ecosystems remaining in the world. As such, it provides the unique opportunity to document the normal levels of disease in a coral reef system exposed to limited human influence. In July 2003, baseline surveys were conducted at 73sites throughout the NWHI to quantify and characterize coral disease. Ten disease states were documented with the most common disease found to be Porites trematodiasis. This disease was widespread and is known to exclusively affect Porites sp. coral. Numerous other conditions were observed but at much lower levels of occurrence. Numbers of colonies affected by Porites trematodiasis were not enumerated but other types of conditions were counted with the average prevalence of disease estimated at 0.5%. Several of the observed disease states were distinct from what has been described from other coral reef systems. Coral genera exhibited differences in types of syndromes and prevalence of disease. Pocilloporids, common corals on the reefs of the NWHI, were comparatively resistant to disease. In contrast, acroporids showed the greatest damage from disease and the highest estimated prevalence of disease. Report 1: Published in Atoll Research Bulletin online: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/arb/543/29.pdf Aeby, GS (2006). Baseline levels of coral disease in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Atoll Res. Bull. No. 543:471-488. Report 2: French Frigate Shoals Reef Health Survey, included in this document below.